The
main disadvantage of PC Crash is loss of your Important files or data
and This is very common problem in these days. So Today in this Trick I
am going to share some reasons why your PC crashes and their solutions.
There are many signs when your PC creash But The comman fetal error that
comes when your pc crash.
Fatal error: When the system has
become unstable or is busy then it says. "Enter to return to Windows" or
"press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer". If you do this you
will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."
You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Microsoft Windows will be familiar with this.
What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?
Hardware conflict:
The
number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each
hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt
request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.
For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The
keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device
will try to hog a single IRQ for itself. If there are a lot of devices,
or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing
the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same
time, a crash can happen.
The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route: Goto Start >> Settings >> Control Panel >> System-Device Manager.
Often
if a device has a problem a yellow sign '!' appears next to its
description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device
Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your
computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.
Sometimes
a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for
PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is
to remove the problem device and reinstall it.
Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com.
If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by
moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about
opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).When working inside
a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an
unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity. To be fair
to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a
legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086
chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a
PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the
number of IRQs in future designs.
Bad Ram:
Ram
(random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death
with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a
serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and
will need replacing. But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a
mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with
60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the
slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is
overworked.
One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS
settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more
stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to
rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out.
Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When
handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be
easily damaged.
Parity
error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity
(ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as
this can be a cause of trouble.
EMM386 error messages refer to memory
problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free
memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.
BIOS settings:
Every
motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are
decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to
press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.
Once
inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write
down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen.
That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more
unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.
A common BIOS
error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO
(extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS
latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and
freeze the computer's display.
Microsoft Windows is better at
allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to
Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers
(make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to
allow Windows to do this.).
Viruses:
Often
the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase
the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is
why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk.
Go to >> Start-Settings >> Control Panel >> Add/Remove Programs
Here,
look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant
vigilance. A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order
to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT
file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your
antivirus software manufacturer. An excellent antivirus programme is
McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates (www.nai.com). Another is Norton
AntiVirus 2000, made by Symantec (www.symantec.com).
Printers:
The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.
Printers
have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily
overloaded. Printing a document also uses a considerable amount of CPU
power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.
If the
printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be
recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not
recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to
clear the buffer is to unplug the printer for ten seconds. Booting up
from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the
printer's default settings and you may be able to carry on.
Software:
A
common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software.
Often the problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then
reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an
application from your system properly. This will also remove references
to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a
completely fresh copy.
The System Registry can be corrupted by old
references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use
Reg Cleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove
obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE
(Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000.
Read
the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage
to the Registry. If the Registry is damaged you will have to reinstall
your operating system. Often a Windows problem can be resolved by
entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see the
message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe
Mode.
Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.
Sometimes
installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If
you keep getting SUWIN error messages (Windows setup) during the
Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU
internal cache. Try to disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't
work.
Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.
Overheating:
Central
processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them
cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat
and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a
common problem in chips that have been overclocked to operate at higher
speeds than they are supposed to. One remedy is to get a bigger better
fan and install it on top of the CPU.
CPU problems can often be fixed
by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the
machine run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.
Power supply problems:
With
all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply
of electricity has become disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a
computer as easily as a power cut.
If this has become a nuisance for
you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will
give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will
give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a
power cut.
It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.
Hitman: Blood Money is a stealth video game developed by IO Interactive
and published by Eidos Interactive. It is the fourth installment in the
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DX: DirectX 9.0
OS: Windows 2000/XP
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The SIM (subscriber identity module) is a
fundamental component of cellular phones. It’s also known as an
integrated circuit card (ICC), which is a microcontroller-based access
module. It is a physical entity and can be either a subscriber identity
module (SIM) or a universal integrated circuit card (UICC). A SIM can be
removed from a cellular handset and inserted into another; it allows
users to port identity, personal information, and service between
devices. All cell phones are expected to incorporate some type of
identity module eventually, in part because of this useful property.
Basically, the ICC deployed for 2G networks was called a SIM and the
UICC smart card running the universal subscriber identity module (USIM)
application. The UICC card accepts only 3G universal mobile
telecommunications service (UMTS) commands. USIMs are enhanced versions
of present-day SIMs, containing backward-compatible information. A USIM
has a unique feature in that it allows one phone to have multiple
numbers. If the SIM and USIM application are running on the same UICC,
then they cannot be working simultaneously.
The first SIM card was about the size of a credit card. As technology
developed, the cell phone began to shrank in size and so did the SIM
card. The mini-SIM card, which is about one-third the size of a credit
card. But today we are using smartphones that use micro-SIM, which is
smaller than mini-SIM. These SIM cards vary in size but all have the
functionality for both the identification and authentication of the
subscriber’s phone to its network and all contain storage for phone
numbers, SMS, and other information, and allow for the creation of
applications on the card itself.
SIM Structure and File Systems
A SIM card contains a processor and operating system with between 16
and 256 KB of persistent, electronically erasable, programmable
read-only memory (EEPROM). It also contains RAM (random access memory)
and ROM (read-only memory). RAM controls the program execution flow and
the ROM controls the operating system work flow, user authentication,
data encryption algorithm, and other applications. The hierarchically
organized file system of a SIM resides in persistent memory and stores
data as names and phone number entries, text messages, and network
service settings. Depending on the phone used, some information on the
SIM may coexist in the memory of the phone. Alternatively, information
may reside entirely in the memory of the phone instead of available
memory on the SIM.
The hierarchical file system resides in EEPROM. The file system
consists of three types of files: master file (MF), dedicated files, and
elementary files. The master file is the root of the file system.
Dedicated files are the subordinate directories of master files.
Elementary files contain various types of data, structured as either a
sequence of data bytes, a sequence of fixed-size records, or a fixed set
of fixed-size records used cyclically.
As can be seen in the above figure, dedicated files are subordinate
directories under the MF, their contents and functions being defined by
the GSM11.11 standards. Three are usually present: DF (DCS1800), DF
(GSM), and DF (Telecom). Also present under the MF are EFs (ICCID).
Subordinate to each of the DFs are supporting EFs, which contain the
actual data. The EFs under DF (DCS1800) and DF (GSM) contain
network-related information and the EFs under DF (Telecom) contain the
service-related information.
All the files have headers, but only EFs contain data. The first byte
of every header identifies the file type and the header contains the
information related to the structure of the files. The body of an EF
contains information related to the application. Files can be either
administrative- or application-specific and access to stored data is
controlled by the operating system. Security in SIM
SIM cards have built-in security features. The three file types, MF,
DF, and EF, contain the security attributes. These security features
filter every execution and allow only those with proper authorization to
access the requested functionality. There are different levels of
access conditions in DF and EF files. They are:
Always—This condition allows to access files without any restrictions.
Card holder verification 1 (CHV1)—This condition allows access to files after successful verification of the user’s PIN or if PIN verification is disabled.
Card holder verification 2 (CHV2)—This condition allows access to files after successful verification of the user’s PIN2 or if the PIN2 verification is disabled.
Administrative (ADM)—The card issuer who provides
SIM to the subscriber can access only after prescribed requirements for
administrative access are fulfilled.
Never (NEV)—Access of the file over the SIM/ME interface is forbidden.
The SIM operating system controls access to an element of the file
system based on its access condition and the type of action being
attempted. The operating system allows only limited number of attempts,
usually three, to enter the correct CHV before further attempts are
blocked. For unblocking, it requires a PUK code, called the PIN
unblocking key, which resets the CHV and attempt counter. If the
subscriber is known, then the unblock CHV1/CHV2 can be easily provided
by the service provider. Sensitive Data in SIM
The SIM card contains sensitive information about the subscriber.
Data such as contact lists and messages can be stored in SIM. SIM cards
themselves contain a repository of data and information, some of which
is listed below:
Integrated circuit card identifier (ICCID)
International mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)
Service provider name (SPN)
Mobile country code (MCC)
Mobile network code (MNC)
Mobile subscriber identification number (MSIN)
Mobile station international subscriber directory number (MSISDN)
Abbreviated dialing numbers (ADN)
Last dialed numbers (LDN)
Short message service (SMS)
Language preference (LP)
Card holder verification (CHV1 and CHV2)
Ciphering key (Kc)
Ciphering key sequence number
Emergency call code
Fixed dialing numbers (FDN)
Local area identity (LAI)
Own dialing number
Temporary mobile subscriber identity (TMSI)
Routing area identifier (RIA) network code
Service dialing numbers (SDNs)
These data have forensics value and can be scattered from EF files. Now we will discuss some of these data. A. Service Related Information ICCID: The integrated circuit card identification is
a unique numeric identifier for the SIM that can be up to 20 digits
long. It consists of an industry identifier prefix (89 for
telecommunications), followed by a country code, an issuer identifier
number, and an individual account identification number.
Twenty-digit ICCIDs have an additional “checksum” digit. One example of
the interpretation of a hypothetical nineteen digit ICCID (89 310 410 10
654378930 1) is shown below.
Issuer identification number (IIN) is variable in length up to a maximum of seven digits:
–The first two digits are fixed and make up the Industry Identifier. “89″ refers to the telecommunications industry. -The next two or three digits refer to the mobile country code
(MCC) as defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164. “310″ refers to the
United States. -The next one to four digits refer to the mobile network code
(MNC). This is a fixed number for a country or world zone. “410″ refers
to the operator, AT&T Mobility. -The next two digits, “10,” pertain to the home location register.
Individual account information is variable in length:
–The next nine digits, “654378930,”
represent the individual account identification number. Every number
under one IIN has the same number of digits.
Check digit—the last digit, “1,” is computed from the other 18 digits using the Luhn algorithm.
IMSI: The international mobile subscriber identity is a unique 15-digit number provided to the subscriber. It has a
similar structure to ICCID and consists of the MCC, MNC, and MSIN. An
example of interpreting a hypothetical 15-digit IMSI (302 720 123456789)
is shown below:
MCC—The first three digits identify the country. “302″ refers to Canada.
MNC—The next two (European Standard) or three digits (North American
Standard) identify the operator. “720″ refers to Rogers Communications.
MSIN—The next nine digits, “123456789,” identify the mobile unit within a carrier’s GSM network
MSISDN—The Mobile Station International Subscriber
Directory Number is intended to convey the telephone number assigned to
the subscriber for receiving calls on the phone. An example of the
MSISDN format is shown below:
CC can be up to 3 digits.
NDC usually 2 or 3 digits.
SN can be up to a maximum 10 digits.
B. Phonebook and Call Information 1. Abbreviated dialing numbers (ADN)—Any number and
name dialed by the subscriber is saved by the ADN EF. The type of number
and numbering plan identification is also maintained under this. This
function works on the subscriber’s commonly dialed numbers. The ADN
cannot be changed by the service provider and they can be attributed to
the user of the phone. Most SIMs provide 100 slots for ADN entries. 2. Fixed dialing numbers (FDN)—The FDN EF works
similar to the ADN because it involves contact numbers and names. With
this function, the user doesn’t have to dial numbers; by pressing any
number pad of the phone, he can access to the contact number. 3. Last number dialed (LND)—The LND EF contains the
number most recently dialed by the subscriber. The number and name
associated with that number is stored in this entry. Depending upon the
phone, it is also conceivable that the information may be stored in the
handset and not on the SIM. Any numbers that may be present can provide
valuable information to an investigator. XML Phonebook Entry C. Messaging Information—Messaging is a
communication medium by which text is entered on one cell phone and
delivered via the mobile phone network. The short message service
contains texts and associated parameters for the message. SMS entries
contain other information besides the text itself, such as the time an
incoming message was sent, as recorded by the mobile phone network, the
sender’s phone number, the SMS center address, and the status of the
entry. An SMS is limited to either 160 characters (Latin alphabet) or 70
characters (for other alphabets). Longer messages are broken down by
the sending phone and reassembled by the receiving phone. Tools for SIM Forensics
To perform forensic investigation on a SIM card, it has to be removed
from the cell phone and connect to a SIM card reader. The original data
of SIM card is preserved by the elimination of write requests to the
SIM during its analysis. Then we calculate the HASH value of the data;
hashing is used for checking the integrity of the data, that is, whether
it has changed or not. There are lots of forensic tools
are available but all tools are not able to extract data from every
type of cell phone and SIM card. Now we will discuss about some famous
tools: Encase Smartphone Examiner: This tool is
specifically designed for gathering data from smartphones and tablets
such as iPhone, iPad, etc. It can capture evidence from devices that use
the Apple iOS, HP Palm OS, Windows Mobile OS, Google Android OS, or RIM
Blackberry OS. It can acquire data from Blackberry and iTunes backup
files as well as a multitude of SD cards. The evidence can be seamlessly
integrated into EnCase Forensic. MOBILedit! Forensic: This tool can analyze phones
via Bluetooth, IrDA, or cable connection; it analyzes SIMs through SIM
readers and can read deleted messages from the SIM card. pySIM: A SIM card management tool capable of
creating, editing, deleting, and performing backup and restore
operations on the SIM phonebook and SMS records.
AccessData Mobile Phone Examiner (MPE) Plus: This
tool supports for than 7000 phones including iOS , Android , Blackberry,
Windows Mobile, and Chinese devices and can be purchased as hardware
with a SIM card reader and data cables. File systems are immediately
viewable and can be parsed in MPE+ to locate lock code, EXIF, and any
data contained in the mobile phone’s file system. SIMpull: SIMpull is a powerful tool, a SIM card
acquisition application that allows you to acquire the entire contents
of a SIM card. This capability includes the retrieval of deleted SMS
messages, a feature not available on many other commercial SIM card
acquisition programs. SIMpull first determines if the card is either a
GSM SIM or 3G USIM, then performs a logical acquisition of all files
defined in either ETSI TS 151.011 (GSM) or ETSI TS 131.102 (USIM)
standards.
As can be seen in above figure, by using the SIMpull application we
can see the information of SMS such as a SMS text and its length, the
SMS sender’s number information, service center information, etc.
Did you know you could use your cell phone as a wireless router for
internet access on your laptop, tablet, and other Wi-Fi devices? iPhone
and Android smartphones have this Wi-Fi hotspot (or mobile hotspot)
feature built into their devices. You can use your phone's data plan to
get connected on your laptop, tablet, and other devices all at the same
time.
Wi-Fi Hotspot or Mobile Hotspot Features
Android has
a Wi-Fi hotspot feature also known as "Portable Wi-Fi Hotspot" and the
iPhone has a "Personal Hotspot" feature. Both are a version of tethering,
but unlike other tethering options (via USB or Bluetooth), you can
connect multiple devices simultaneously. Connect to your phone over
Wi-Fi is as easy as connecting to a wireless network on your phone.
continue reading below our video
Quick Tip: What is a Wi-Fi Hotspot?
Cost:To use the service, your cell phone would
need to have a data plan on its own. Most wireless carriers also charge a
separate tethering or hotspot plan, which can cost about $15 a month.
(However, sometimes you can get around this extra charge by rooting or jailbreaking your smartphone and using a tethering app to turn your smartphone into a wireless mobile hotspot. Security:
By default, typically the wireless network you set up with your
smartphone is encrypted with strong WPA2 security, so unauthorized users
can't connect to your devices. For added security, if you're not
prompted to set up a password, go into the settings to add or change the
password. Downside: Using your phone as a
wireless modem drains the battery life, so make sure you turn the Wi-Fi
hotspot feature off after you're done using it.
Wi-Fi Hotspot Settings
You'll
find the Portable Wi-Fi Hotspot or wireless hotspot settings on Android
under the "Wireless & networks" settings. For iPhone, the Personal
Hotspot feature is under the Network settings.
Similarly, on Windows Phone and Blackberry,
the "internet sharing" and mobile hotspot settings are in the network
settings. In most cases, you'll be able to change the wireless network
name and, as mentioned above, the network password (and on BlackBerry,
you can control your new shared network to a great degree).
Once
you turn on the Wi-Fi hotspot on your phone, connect to it on your
laptop, desktop, tablet, or other device the same way you would connect to a wireless network.
